【杂说】石油炼制(一)
写个系列,算杂说。
假设一个场景,关于石油炼制,人家让随便说几句。
人,情绪动物,交谈体验么,当然希望和风细雨,讲究逻辑连贯,表达上短句为主。
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说石油炼制,当先从原油说起。原油品质有好有坏,有非常多的评价指标。
能说得上的评价指标,硫含量,API重度,馏分,碳数,UOP指数。
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掏出纸笔,要连说带画了。
硫含量这个指标,主要是加工过程中考虑到设备腐蚀,NACE有专门的选材资料,当然硫含量越低越好。
低硫,S<0.5%
含硫,0.5<S<2%
高硫,S>2%
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API重度,其实跟原油密度关联,有公式,手写上,
API=141.5/d^15.6_15.6-131.5。
d^15.6_15.6,解释一下,相对密度,油品15.6℃密度与水15.6℃密度之比。
为什么15.6℃?因为华氏60转过来的,老外的标准。
有计算器的掏出计算器,没计算器的,掏出手机,(60-32)/1.8=15.556,近似15.6℃。
API重度的用途,新闻上常听到的轻质,重质原油以其区分。
特稠,API<10
重质,10<=API<20
中质,20<=API<35
轻质,35<=API<50
超轻,API>50
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原油,非常复杂的混合物,不同组分的沸点不同,用途也不一样。所以按不同的蒸馏方法,进行切割,可以得到各个馏分。
三个蒸馏方法,ASTM D86恩氏蒸馏, EFV平衡蒸馏,TBP实沸点蒸馏,数据可以相互转换。
大体的温度范围,
石脑油馏分,IBP~180(200)℃,IBP=InitialBubble Point
常压瓦斯油馏分AGO,180(200)~350℃,AGO=Atmosphere Gas Oil
减压馏分VGO,350~500℃, VGO=Vacuum Gas Oil
减压渣油VR,>500℃,VR=Vacuum Residual
常压渣油AR,>350℃,AR=Atmoshpere Oil
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按碳数划分,
气体馏分,一般C1~C4
汽油馏分,一般C5~C10
煤柴油馏分, 一般C11~C20
减压瓦斯油馏分,一般C21~C35
减压渣油,一般>C36
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UOP指数,也叫做Waston指数,是UOP公司,就是环球油品,弄的一个系数,与平均沸点,密度有关。
按关键馏分分类,在250~275℃,395~425℃作为第一和第二关键馏分,根据密度,UOP指数或者API重度,将馏分判断为石蜡基,中间基和环烷基。
根据第一,第二关键馏分的不同组合,将原油划分为石蜡基,中间基和环烷基及其组合。
区分界限?记不住,不好意思了。
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结束。
牛逼,波塞冬也进炼化了? 哈哈,不错,还有几个指数你需要熟悉,
现在这样不行,哈哈,无法坐台,只有具备坐台的能力,才有饭,炼化非常残酷的,
李爷问你几个问题,怎么评定适合玩乙烯?怎么考量是FCC划算还是加氢裂化划算,具体原油指标如何啊?希望没有噎住你,
最后一个问题,付你8500米身价,敢签多少天?哈哈,你看老汉人见钱眼开吧!关键到这个场合了,就尿,再也不敢开口说,在京沪不能买房了,而是跑路了,
油!是个粗糙行业,没错,问题是,面特别光,包括机械,液压,电控,非常广泛,而银子巨多, 2266998 发表于 2023-10-18 23:14
哈哈,不错,还有几个指数你需要熟悉,
现在这样不行,哈哈,无法坐台,只有具备坐台的能力,才有饭,炼化 ...
嘿嘿,噎住了,水平不够,这个首先承认。
坐台,不敢想,8500米,这个真接不住,会被砸死,有自知之明。
本质是确定炼厂工艺路线。
乙烯,基础化工原料,炼厂走燃料—化工路线,石脑油高温热裂解,200度以下馏分收率越高,效益越好。
FCC与加氢裂化,都是重质油轻化工艺,提高原料利用率。
FCC,原料直馏馏分油,能掺入一部分渣油,渣油利用率低,工艺条件要求不高;
加氢,有馏分油加氢和渣油加氢,渣油利用率相对高,高温高压,工艺条件苛刻,设备投资非常高。
具体原油指标,关系到成本收益,属于技术经济分析,就是写可研了。
啥资金成本,产出值,盈亏平衡,劳动效率,市场不确定,设备更新折旧,一大堆的东西,这个目前弄不来。
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